Review of Flores-Júnior, O. La vie facile. Une lecture du cynisme ancien, Paris, Librairie philosophique J. Vrin. (2021).

Through a commentary of a poem by Crates of Thebes, transmitted by Julian (Or. VII, Against Heracleios the Cynic, 9, 213a-214a and Or. XI [VI], Against the ignorant cynics, 17, 199c-200b), this article aims to show that the cynic philosophers borrowed from the animal behavior not only the paradigm of a kata phusin way of life, but also counter-examples of the kinds of attitude men should avoid.

RÉSUMÉ: Partant d’un poème de Cratès de Thèbes transmis par Julien (dans ses discours Contre Héracleios le Cynique et Contre les cyniques ignorants), cet article se propose de revenir sur les notions de bonheur, de plaisir, de richesse et de justice, dans le cadre de la vie kata phusin telle que les cyniques l’ont conçue. L’«éthique du minimum» que ces philosophes ont proposée, et que la plupart des hommes qualifieraient d’expérience volontaire de la souffrance, se révèle un chemin possible pour (...) atteindre à la fois le bonheur individuel et la justice politique.ABSTRACT: This commentary on a poem of Crates of Thebes, which was transmitted in Julian’s Oration VII, To the Cynic Herakleios, and Oration IX (VI), To the Uneducated Cynics, intends to rediscuss the notions of happiness, pleasure, wealth, and justice in the context of the kata phusin life as viewed by the Cynics. The “minimal ethics” proposed by the cynic philosophers, which many would consider as a kind of voluntary experience of suffering, appears as a possible way to secure both individual happiness and political justice. (shrink)

En diversas religiones o filosofías, sobre todo aquellas de tendencia oriental, el Silencio ha sido un punto de partida para poder entablar un diálogo con lo Sagrado, lo Trascendente, o Dios, y un elemento esencial de la experiencia hierofánica. En este artículo se expone que tres creencias espirituales enraizadas en el mundo oriental: judaísmo, islamismo sufí y taoísmo, convergen en la idea del Silencio como un metalenguaje donde lo Sagrado se manifiesta. A pesar de la divergencia doctrinal que existe entre (...) dichas religiones, el Silencio genera en sus practicantes una experiencia abrumadora ante algo que los trasciende, trastocando lo más íntimo de su ser y que en el lenguaje convencional les es difícil expresar. (shrink)

La relación entre la filosofía y la mística pareciese complicada y que no tendría lugar en las discusiones académicas, especialmente en pleno siglo xxi. Lo anterior es, sin duda, un error, porque han existido importantes filósofos que han incursionado y hablado sobre los misterios de la mística. En este artículo se verá que, a pesar de las diferencias, hay similitudes entre la experiencia mística y la filosofía, puntos de unión y de retroalimentación, especialmente haciendo referencia a la importancia del silencio (...) como un elemento inherente a la experiencia de lo sagrado. El Maestro Eckhart, filósofo y teólogo de la Baja Edad Media, y Martin Heidegger, exponente de la filosofía contemporánea, serán quienes nos hagan ver que la filosofía tiene atisbos de mística, y esta última no está tan alejada de la primera como se ha querido pronunciar axiomáticamente en la modernidad. (shrink)

O trabalho analisa, por meio da cobertura do diário A Tarde, de Salvador, a convivência entre a delegação alemã de futebol e a população local de Santa Cruz Cabrália, no sul da Bahia, que serviu de base para a seleção que conquistou a Copa do Mundo de futebol em 2014. A partir dos critérios de identidade cultural, globalização e seleção jornalística, mostra que a estratégia de aproximação com os moradores marcou a cobertura de A Tarde e criou um clima simpático (...) à seleção alemã. (shrink)

O presente trabalho pretende discutir o conceito de história em Karl Marx a partir do confronto com a teoria do “fim da história” de Francis Fukuyama. No contexto histórico de queda do comunismo na União Soviética e no Leste Europeu, o autor americano introduz sua concepção sobre a vitória da democracia liberal como o momento culminante da história da humanidade. Pretendendo, assim, colocar-se como herdeiro de uma visão hegeliana da história. Ora, em que medida podemos considerar um sistema como o (...) defendido por Fukuyama como sendo o objetivo de toda a história da humanidade? Mais ainda, em que medida podemos considerar que há um objetivo na história da humanidade? Procuro mostrar como a concepção marxista da história responde a estas duas questões. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir o papel do direito na Prússia na Revolução de 1848 tendo os escritos de Marx na Nova Gazeta Renana como referência. Busca-se com isso um delineamento de qual teria sido a função do terreno jurídico para o autor alemão no período em questão e os seus reflexos posteriores para a formação do capitalismo prussiano tendo como base seus escritos jornalísticos do período.

The current predominant conception of human rights implies that human beings have objective intrinsic value. In this paper, we defend that there is no satisfactory justification of this claim. In spite of the great variety of theories aimed at explaining objective intrinsic value, all of them share one common problematic feature: they pass from a non-evaluative proposition to an evaluative proposition by asserting that a certain entity has intrinsic value in virtue of having certain non-evaluative features. This is a step (...) that cannot be justified. In light of this negative result, we offer a radically different approach to intrinsic value. Our proposal reinterprets the claim that human beings have intrinsic value in terms of a commitment to value human beings intrinsically. This commitment provides both objective practical reasons for, and a rational explanation of, efforts aimed at defending and promoting human rights, without need to appeal to the existence of objective intrinsic value. (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.

In a context of rapid technological innovation and expensive new products, the paper calls for the generation of real-world data to inform decision-making and an international discussion on the affordability of new medicines, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. Without these, the challenges of health judicialization will continue to grow.

o presente artigo objetiva abordar acerca da crítica consistente ao autoritarismo violento, degradante, racista e desumano dos “anos de chumbo” da ditadura militar no Brasil, constante na literatura afro-brasileira dramática negro-brasileira a partir, sobretudo, de três teatros peculiares, a saber: o Teatro Experimental Negro, o Teatro Profissional do Negro e o Grupo Teatro Palmares Iñaron. Metodologicamente, esclarece-se que esta escrita emprega uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza básica e é de cunho teórico exploratório quanto ao objetivo principal, pois se debruça ao (...) debate, visando aprimorar teorias, conceitos e ideias a partir do bojo de fontes secundárias que tratam da temática principal. Neste sentido, empregou-se o método procedimental bibliográfico utilizando-se da hermenêutica com a técnica de leituras pertinentes à temática proposta. Cabe salientar que, apesar da tentativa histórica do cânone da literatura autoritária e eurocentrada, não foi e nem tem sido capaz de silenciar os ecos objetivos e/ou subjetivos expressos na literatura afro-brasileira, nem mesmo durante o período mais duro e racista da ditadura militar no Brasil. (shrink)

Although gains in generational intelligence test scores have been widely demonstrated around the world, researchers still do not know what has caused them. The cognitive stimulation and nutritional hypotheses summarize the several diverse potential causes that have been considered. This article analyses data for a sample of 499 children tested in 1930 and one equivalent sample of 710 children tested 72 years later, the largest gap ever considered. Both samples comprised children aged between 7 and 11 who were assessed by (...) the Draw-a-Man test in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Further, one additional sample of 132 children was assessed in 2004 in a rural area very similar in several diverse factors to the 1930 urban sample. The results are consistent with both the cognitive stimulation and the nutritional hypotheses. (shrink)

Introduction: The actions taken by the government to deal with the consequences of the coronavirus diseases 2019 pandemic caused different levels of restriction on the mobility of the population. The need to continue offering physical exercise to individuals after stroke became an emergency. However, these individuals may have barriers to adhere to the programs delivered remotely. There is a lack of evidence related to adherence, attendance, safety, and satisfaction of remote exercise programs for this population.Objective: The aim was to evaluate (...) adherence and barriers to attend a remote physical exercise program for individuals after stroke. We aimed to identify adherence and attendance rate of the remote physical exercise program ; to identify the safety of a remote physical exercise program ; and to identify the overall experience to participate in a remote program.Materials and methods: This is a longitudinal study, including 36 stroke survivors who already attended a face-to-face physical exercise program prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The remote physical exercise program included sessions for 2 days/week for a duration of 22 weeks, with a total of 44 sessions, which were delivered asynchrony via recorded video sessions. As outcome measures, we performed two questionnaires to identify attendance, barriers, safety, and overall experience related to the program.Results: The adherence rate was 86. The attendance rate was 19, with a total of 8 sessions. The main barriers for lower attendance rate were as follows: lack of motor skills and physical fitness to workout in 80 reports, followed by no exercise companion in 44 reports. The remote physical program has been shown to be safe, and the overall experience was positive from the perspectives of the participants and the family members.Conclusion: Although the adherence rate was high, the attendance rate was low on the remote physical exercise program. The main barriers to attending the program remotely reflect the need of tailoring individually an asynchrony mode of delivering the sessions to individuals after stroke. Our results also indicate how the COVID-19 impacted the health conditions of stroke survivors. The program was safe, and the overall experience indicated a change in the mental, physical, and social health of individuals after stroke and their family members. (shrink)

Pesquisa histórica, a partir de levantamento bibliográfico e revisão de literatura em fontes secundárias, que analisa o desenvolvimento dos campos em biblioteconomia e informação científica no leste europeu (Alemanha Oriental, Hungria, Polônia, Bulgária, Tchecoslováquia e Romênia), entre o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial até o fim dos anos 1960. O estudo inicialmente analisou a constituição e desenvolvimento das bibliotecas na região, entre a idade média até o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Posteriormente discutiu-se o processo de reconstrução e reorganização das (...) bibliotecas e dos cursos em biblioteconomia desses países após o conflito, e da constituição de institutos em informação científica na região sob influência do Instituto Estatal de Informação Científico e Técnica (VINITI) soviético. A pesquisa identificou que os acervos documentais desses países seguiram por um caminho de reestruturação que se manteria nas décadas seguintes, contudo muitas vezes assimilando, de forma impositiva, práticas e ideias produzidas por organismos e autores da União Soviética, o que continuou, de forma irregular, até o final da ocupação soviética na região, a partir de 1989. (shrink)

This communication sought to redress the loss of the skill of making marks while reading by reporting a consolidated and reflective summation that drew on over four decades' worth of experience with approximately 500 undergraduate and 200 graduate students of Production Engineering at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. It identified the fundamentals and rationale of making marginalia while reading, with particular attention to their role in the preservation of insights and in furthering discovery, pointing to the need to (...) develop emotional as well as intellectual signifiers to allow readers to capture and recall their understanding of the texts they read and the significance of their marks. This supported the framing of relevant issues in the passage from reading and marking on paper to digital books, pointing towards approaches that would allow better understanding of the shortcomings of this medium for making marks while reading. (shrink)

Physiological responses in futsal have not been studied together with temporal information about the players’ stay on the court. The aim of this study was to compare heart rate and blood lactate concentration responses between 1-H and 2-H considering the time of permanency of the players on the court at each substitution in a futsal match. HR was recorded during entire match and [La−] was analyzed after each substitution of seven players. %HRmean and [La−] mean did not differ between 1-H (...) and 2-H. Time in intensity zones of 50–100 %HRmax differed only in 60–70 %HRmax. HR coefficient of variation throughout the match was low and among the four outfield players on the court. Substitutions, time of permanence on the court, ratio between time in- and out-ratio on the court also were similar between 1-H and 2-H. Balancing the number of substitutions, and the In:Outcourt ratio of players in both halves of the match, playing lower time at 1-H, ~8 min for each participation in the match, made it possible to maintain intensity of the match in 2-H similar to the 1H. These results are a good guidance to coaches and for application in future studies. (shrink)

The theme of Aesthetics in Present Future concerns the new chances the arts have and the deep changes they are undergoing, due to the new media, and the digital world in which we are growingly immersed. That this world is to be understood from an aesthetic point of view, become clear if we think of how much of what we produce, and observe and study is offered through images in particular and perceptual means in general.

Le cynisme ancien est conçu par la plupart des spécialistes comme un courant philosophique qui s’oppose à la civilisation au nom d’un mode de vie plus naturel, inspiré des animaux et des êtres humains primitifs. L’ouvrage d’Olimar Flores-Júnior (désormais A.) cherche à ébranler cette conception en proposant de nouvelles interprétations des textes qui servent généralement à l’appuyer. Sa démarche repose principalement sur l’argument suivant : puisque les cyniques vivent dans la ville et font u...

Embora influente na recepção de Heidegger nos Estados Unidos da América, o trabalho de Dreyfus foi repetidas vezes criticado por desenvolver uma leitura distorcida e seletiva da fenomenologia de Heidegger. Nesse artigo, mostramos que, independentemente de seus desenvolvimentos posteriores em ciência cognitiva, sua crítica inicial à IA simbólica se apoia em duas teses que podem ser localizadas em Ser e Tempo, a saber, de que nosso senso de situação é pragmático-holístico, e intrinsecamente relevante. Após uma introdução geral, reconstruímos, numa primeira (...) seção, em linhas gerais o projeto da IA simbólica e o tom geral da crítica de Dreyfus; numa segunda seção, reconstruímos a crítica de Dreyfus a SAM, de R. Schank; na terceira seção, indicamos como as duas teses podem ser localizadas em Ser e Tempo; concluímos apontando questões pendentes. (shrink)

OS DIREITOS HUMANOS EM ROBERTO MANGABEIRA UNGER.

Emotional intelligence is a psychological skill that aids athletes in the control of emotions and optimization of sports performance. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test in 508 Brazilian youth and adult athletes. Data analysis was conducted through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability and Pearson’s Correlation. EFA revealed the one-factor model with 26 items with the best adjustment. CFA confirmed the one-factor model with 26 items with best greater fit. No (...) evidence of invariance was found, suggesting that the SSEIT must be used with caution when comparing gender and age groups. The external validity was found in the correlation of EI and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. It is concluded that the Brazilian version of SSEIT for the sports context presented acceptable psychometric properties, however, showed limitations that should be explored in the future. (shrink)

Law - Introduction, History, Philosophy And Sociology of Law. Philosophy. Politics. Democracy. Unger, Roberto Mangabeira, 1947-.

O presente artigo visa apresentar duas teorias biopolíticas, a saber, as de Giorgio Agamben e Roberto Esposito. O primeiro criou um tetraedro conceitual dotado de uma semântica própria que permite caracterizar a biopolítica, enquanto o segundo identificou um paradigma no qual a sociedade contemporânea se insere e qualifica a biopolítica. Longe de uma resposta unívoca ao que seja o fenômeno da biopolítica, esses dois autores italianos fornecem chaves conceituais imprescindíveis para compreender a realidade política em que estamos inseridos, que (...) se qualifica pela inserção da vida em sentido biológico na política. (shrink)

A partir dos problemas colocados ao pensamento na contemporaneidade pelas discussões acerca do Antropoceno, o ensaio propõe uma investigação sobre a possibilidade de uma nova relação da filosofia com a poesia. Para isso, a sugestão do líder indígena e pensador Ailton Krenak de manutenção de “nossas visões, nossas poéticas sobre a existência” é articulada com a filosofia da diferença de Gilles Deleuze, cujos esforços para realizar a gênese de um pensamento sem imagem pressuposta, e a sua concepção de uma natureza (...) poética da diferença, são mobilizados na tentativa de pensar e efetuar uma relação outra da filosofia com a poesia. O texto propõe o conceito de cosmopoética para definir a condição de efetuação dessa relação, e procura exemplificar sua manifestação nas obras de Antonin Artaud e de Roberto Piva, nas quais, de maneiras distintas, e em gérmen, são constatados rastros expressivos da natureza poética e selvagem da diferença. Por fim, conjectura-se que a cosmopoética pode ser pensada no campo de uma estética do devir e, quiçá, articulada a enunciações e ações cosmopolíticas coletivas de pensadores e pensadoras que se ocupam em pensar e resistir à catástrofe socioambiental em curso.Palavras-Chave: Antropoceno; Filosofia da Diferença; Poesia; Cosmopoética. (shrink)

La recepción durante el siglo XX se preguntó si la filosofía nietzscheana era a-, im- o anti-política, es decir, si podía ser asimilada por la democracia, o si era antimoderna, elitista y reaccionaria. El italiano Roberto Esposito ha propuesto leerla como formando e informando el paradigma de la biopolítica. Se discuten cuatro lecturas de esa biopolítica: como formadora del paradigma de la inmunidad, como tanatopolítica, como liberal y neoliberal, y como biopolítica afirmativa. Twentieth-century readers wondered if Nietzschean philosophy was (...) apolitical, impolitic, or anti-political; that is, if it could be assimilated by democracy or if it was antimodern, elitist, and reactionary. The Italian philosopher Robert Esposito has proposed reading Nietzsche's philosophy as forming and informing the biopolitical paradigm. Four readings of these biopolitics are discussed: as part of the paradigm of immunity, as thanatopolitics, as liberal and neoliberal, and as affirmative biopolitics. (shrink)

This text examines the tensions and the dissonances in the relation between religion and public sphere in contemporary Brazil. Based on a Sociology and on an Anthropology of the phenomena of secularization and secularity, the purpose is to demonstrate the “porosity” of the Brazilian public/political system with the religious milieu. By applying a socio-historical perspective, the work attempts to understand how the boundaries between religion and politics were precariously constructed throughout the constitution of our State in Brazil, without ever having (...) been institutionally well-delimited. This vacuum, which generated concessions on the part of the State to major Christian religions, guaranteed public legitimacy to their religious symbols in official state spaces, which are, in principle, neutral and secular. However, the 1988 Constitution represented the influx of modern and secular legislation that legitimized subjects of rights such as women, black people, indigenous peoples, LGBTs, environmentalists, etc. Given that background, this reflection aims at contributing to the interpretation of the complexity involved in the multiple and contradictory presence – in the public sphere – of both major Christian religions – which are based on an agenda of conservative religious values – and liberal and libertarian projects organized by segments of civil society and public agents, which generate tensions and dissonances. To understand this reality – as a mosaic of interactions and antagonisms –, we work with the notion of “pluri-confessionality” of Mexican sociologist Roberto Blancarte and also with the notions of secularity of “recognition” and of “integration” of French political scientist Philippe Portier. Hence, we attempt to reach theoretically and empirically a broader and nuanced understanding of our public-political system in the relation with the religious dimension. (shrink)

It is well known that Francis of Marchia and William of Ockham joined Michael of Cesena's rebellion against the pope, together escaping from Avignon and signing documents supporting Cesena's defence of Franciscan poverty. The relationship between the works of the two thinkers, on the other hand, is the subject of ongoing investigation. After discussing Francis' rejection in his Commentary on the Sentences of Ockham's theory of quantity, this paper shows how Francis' Improbatio became a source for Ockham's Opus Nonaginta Dierum. (...) Building on Offler's ground-breaking critical edition of the latter work, it is argued that Ockham made extensive use of Francis' Improbatio, even though on several points he felt it necessary to reformulate the arguments of his confrère or even to substantially modify his positions. The two Franciscan theologians differed deeply both in their basic philosophical commitments and in their methodological attitude. These differences emerged even when they were—so to speak—fighting on the same front. (shrink)

Resumo: A salvaguarda do ser na verdade é uma expressão empregada por Martin Heidegger no período conhecido como hermenêutica da facticidade. Apesar de referências e análises ocasionais, que pontualmente a desenvolvem em vista de outros assuntos, tal temática é, de modo geral, pouco desenvolvida por parte da literatura secundária. O artigo sugere que a explicitação do termo salvaguarda e conceitos correlatos não é apenas uma tarefa ineludível, em vista de sua constância na trajetória intelectual de Heidegger, mas que ela toca (...) no cerne da questão do sentido do ser. A análise inicia com um exame da salvaguarda do ser a partir do Informe Natorp para, em seguida, apontar continuidades, quebras e reformulações em relação ao tratamento do tema da guarda em obras da década de 1930. Palavras-chave: Facticidade. Pluralismo ontológico. Afinação fundamental. Maquinação. Acontecimento-apropriador. (shrink)

Volume 19, Issue 9, September 2019, Page 37-39.

This paper argues that some of the misunderstandings surrounding the meaning and function of the concept of human dignity in bioethics arise from a lack of distinction between two different roles that this notion plays: one as an overarching policy principle, and the other as a moral standard of patient care. While the former is a very general concept which fulfils a foundational and a guiding role of the normative framework governing biomedical issues, the latter reflects a much more concrete (...) and context-specific understanding of the patient as a “person”. The importance of dignity as a policy principle will be described by appealing to the distinction between principles and rules as developed by some legal philosophers. The value of dignity as a standard of patient care will be illustrated with the help of concrete examples and by drawing on the taxonomies of dignity proposed by Jonathan Mann and other scholars. The overall scope of the article is to highlight this double and complementary role of human dignity in bioethics. (shrink)

This study documents how people who inject drugs in rural Puerto Rico perceive payments for participating in HIV epidemiological studies. In-depth interviews were conducted among a subset of active PWID older than 18 years of age who had been previously enrolled in a much larger study. Findings suggest that financial compensation was the main motivation for initially enrolling in the parent study. Then, as trust in the researchers developed, participants came to perceive compensation as part of a reciprocal exchange in (...) which they assisted researchers by providing a trustful account of their experiences and researchers reciprocated with financial support. (shrink)